Unit 10
Passage 1
\"Fathers should be neither seen nor heard.\" wrote Oscar Wilde. \"This is the only proper basis for family life.\" It's hard to say what Wilde would have thought of this week' s cover photo or the pictures inside of dads and their children. Several clearly defy the outdated idea of fathers as detached from the parenting process. And that's just what the photographers intended.
Gregory Heisler, who did the cover photograph, says he wanted the image to show genuine affection. So, rather than use professional models, he went out and found some \"real dads and their real kids.\" Adds Heisler: \"Instead of doing some slick, over-produced shot, I wanted something more authentic to the experience of being a father.\" This isn't the first time that Heisler, 39, has conveyed complex ideas for the cover of TIME. His photographs have graced the front of the magazine some 20 times, ranging from Olympic athlete Jackie Joyner-Kersee and director David Lynch to former President George Bush and Ted Turner for the Man of the Year issues in 1991 and 1992, respectively. But this week's TIME cover has special meaning, he says, because he and his wife Prudence had their first child, Lucy, 16 months ago.
The pictures appearing inside were all done by photographer Jeffrey Lowe. Although Lowe has not experienced fatherhood yet, he observed many intimate moments of parenting by spending a lot of private time with each dad and child. Of all the pictures. Lowe was most deeply touched by the father-to-be embracing his pregnant wife.
While most of the credit for the pictures rightly goes to those behind the camera, cover coordinator Lina Freeman and assistant picture editor Mary Worrell Bousquette, who
work behind the scenes, also deserve accolades. Freeman, for instance, had the challenging task of making arrangements for the group portrait of child movie stars by Heisler that appears on page 62. Says she: \"My greatest reward is working with these talented artists.\" Bousquette edited the pictures that appear inside. \"I wanted our story to show the many faces of fatherhood,\" she says. At least in this issue, those fathers are seen as well as heard. Sorry, Oscar.
1. In Oscar Wilde's view, ________.
A) distance between fathers and their children is essential in family life
B) fathers should play a greater role in family life C) family life is something that fathers enjoy most
D) fathers are never sure about what they should do at home.
2. The photographers of this week's TIME intended ________.
A) to support Oscar Wilde's view
B) to prove that Oscar Wilde was wrong C) to apologize to Oscar Wilde
D) to show their respect-for Oscar Wilde
3. The word 'graced' in the second paragraph means ________.
A) decorated B) substituted C) turned out D) mixed up
4. How did Jeffrey Lowe manage to portray fathers' feelings accurately?
A) He tried to experience fatherhood himself.
B) He spent most of his time with his pregnant wife. C) He mixed with many fathers and their children.
D) He studied the relationship between each member in a family.
Passage 2
In Russia don't look to read about actor X sneaking
out to the Bolshoi with starlet Y, while his famous author wife is on vacation in Odessa with her children from two previous marriages. Even if X and Y were engaged in hanky-panky, the country could not do the story justice, since it lacks the equivalents of People or Vanity Fair, the National Enquirer or Entertainment Tonight. Nor do famous lives play themselves out in newspapers or on television. The press is as conservative as the sovety at large, where direct questions about private lives are considered insulting. Movie magazines are simply film synopses and accounts of production and casting.
That does not mean, however, that inquiring Russian minds don't want to know. \"It often seems as if it is the national pastime to gossip about me,\" says pop superstar Alla Pugacheva, 39, the biggest musical draw in the country. \"Perhaps we are better off here than in the West. We do not have entire magazines devoted to our private lives. But Soviets don't need a magazine to gossip.\" Instead, a vast rumor mill operates 24 hours a day 365 1/4 days a year. A study of some unofficial youth groups in Tadjikstan in Central Asia listed among them \"Celebrity Hounds,\" which a local paper described as \"people who try to gain prestige among the less informed by exchanging stories about the private lives of stars.\"
Some may consider the meager trickle (细流) of personal detail about a pop star a blessing, but the lack of information about politicians proved to be a handicap for voters in last month's election. \"Even if voters knew a candidate's program, they did not know the man himself,\" complains Yegor Yakovlev, editor of Moscow News. Soviet newspapers and magazines discuss the personal lives of leaders only when the person is dead and usually out of favor (thus only last fall did Moscow News claim that Leonid Brezhnev, who died in 1982, had been revived from clinical death in 1976, and was tended constantly by doctors for the rest of his life) or when refuting a nasty bit of gossip. Observes Zhenia, a semiprofessional celebrity watcher in Moscow: \"The way it works is that first a rumor
starts, then gains momentum (势头), then, and only then, something appears in the press denying the rumor as unfounded.\"
5. Famous lives are rarely publicized through the mass media in Russia because ________.
A) famous lives are not exciting enough B) it is difficult to get interesting stories C) it is against the nation's moral standards
D) famous people don't want others to know about their lives
6. What is the attitude of ordinary Russians towards the private lives of famous people?
A) Indifferent. B) Respectful.
C) Blindfold. D) Inquisitive at heart. 7. From the passage we know that pop superstar Alla Pugacheva ________.
A) is proud to be the center of national gossip B) lives a better life than stars in the west
C) wishes to attract more attention from the mass media
D) doesn't want to be the center of national gossip 8. In the writer's opinion, politicians' lives ________. A) should always be kept secret
B) can be publicized after their death
C) can be publicized in order to refute the gossips
D) can be publicized to let the public know them better
Passage 3
Children are in need of adoption because some birth parents are unable or unavailable to provide adequately for the needs of their child. There are numerous reasons for making an adoption plan. Birth parents may feel they cannot take on the responsibility of an unplanned child because they are too young or because they are financially or emotionally unable to provide proper care.
They do not feel ready or able to be good parents.
In other cases children are in need of adoption because courts have decided that their birth parents are unable to function adequately. Many of these children are victims of abuse or neglect. Regardless of how children come to need adoption, they are put with adoptive parents through private or public social service agencies. Other adoptions may be arranged independently, as when birth parents and adoptive parents come to know each other outside of an agency and then complete the adoption according to the laws and regulations of their states of residence.
Which Children Need Adoption
Children from all countries and all walks of life need adopting. Although international adoptions occur, the largest number of adoptions in the United States involve American parents adopting American infants. Statistics on the ethnicity of both parties are incomplete.
In the early 1970s there was a dramatic increase n the number of families seeking to adopt, a condition which persists today. For this reason, the number of those who wish to adopt regularly exceeds the number of infants available. Reasons for this dramatic increase are varied. A major factor has been the choice of many people to delay the start of a family until later in life. Many of these people, in turn, have found themselves to be less fertile at that time, and so they have decided that their desire to have children might best be fulfilled through adoption.
In every state, however, there are children who are legally free to be adopted but are desperately waiting for parents. The children in this group are usually older and often have special needs. They may require additional care from a parent because of their physical, emotional, or mental disabilities (which may have been caused by abuse, neglect, or medical or genetic factors). Because of their special needs, these children are challenging to rear. In fact, adoption experts believe that people who adopt these children need special training and preparation in
order to successfully rear the child and to integrate the child into the family and eventually into society.
In cases of international adoption, Americans have adopted orphaned children from places like Korea, India, and Latin America. United States immigration laws allow such children to reside in the United States through a special visa under which the children are classified as immediate relatives of the adopting family. The laws, regulations, and attitudes toward international addoption vary a great deal from one country to another. Because of this, people wishing to adopt should use experienced agencies or organizations in order to adopt a child from another country successfully.
Stepparent adoption is also very common. Most often, this type of adoption occurs when one of the child's birth parents has remarried and the new spouse adopts the child. In such adoptions, the consent of the other birth parent is usually required, because it entails the termination of that parent's rights.
9. The author thinks of adoption as ________. A) illegal B) unethical C) unavoidable D) necessary
10. What is the most important reason for the adoption boom in the 1970s?
A) In the early 1970s, adoption came into vogue among young American couples.
B) Many women chose adoption for fear that their figure might be adversely affected after giving birth to babies.
C) Many people who married late found they were less fertile and had to adopt children.
D) Due to the baby boom in the 1960s, the American government carried out family planning and many people had to adopt children.
11. By saying \"these are children who are legally free to be adopted but are desperately waiting for parentshe author suggests that ________.
A) few people would like to adopt these children for they are hard to rear
B) the children were eager to be lover by their birth parents
C) although some people would like to adopt them, these children would rather wait for their birth parents. D) their birth parents abandoned them but these children still loved them
12. According to the passage, international adoption ________.
A) occurs more often than adoptions of American infants
B) mostly involves European orphans
C) should be done through experienced agencies D) should be banned right away
Passage 4
Joshua DeShaney is paralyzed and profoundly retarded, the victim of brutal pummelings at age four by his father. Joshua, now nine, is also the victim of inaction by Wisconsin's Winnebago County department of social services. The agency failed to remove the child from his divorced father's custody despite continual reports of abuse for nearly two years, repeated hospitalizations for serious injuries, and regular observations by a caseworker of suspicious bumps and lesions. Joshua's father was convicted of child abuse in 1984 and paroled from prison after less than two years. Last week, in a ruling that stunned children's rights advocates around the country, the U.S. Supreme Court voted 6 to 3 to absolve Winnebago County of constitutional responsibility for Joshua's fate.
\"A state's failure to protect an individual against private violence,\" declared Chief Justice William Rehnquist, was not a denial of the victim's constitutional rights. \"While the state may have been aware of the dangers that Joshua faced in the free world, it played no part in their
creation, nor did it do anything to render him any more vulnerable to them.\" The majority's ruling provoked an emotional dissent from Justice Harry Blackmun. \"Poor Joshua! Victim of repeated attacks by an irresponsible, bullying, cowardly and intemperate father, and abandoned by county officials who placed him in a dangerous predicament,\" he wrote. \"It is a sad commentary upon American life and constitutional principles.\"
Government child-welfare agencies expressed relief over the decision. \"A contrary ruling would have seriously affected programs and budgetary priorities,\" explained Benna Ruth Solomon of the State and Local Legal Center in Washington. For child advocates, the opinion was deeply troubling. Said James Weill of the Children's Defense Fund: \"It's part of a line of decisions in which the court has indicated significant hostility to legal protections for children.\" Suits against agencies may still be filed in some state courts, but local laws often permit little or no recourse. In Joshua's case, a Wisconsin statute limits damages to $50,000--less than the cost of a year's medical care for the tragically battered youngster.
13. By saying \"Joshua is also a victim of inaction by Wisconsin's Winnebago county department of social services\
A) the agency should have sent someone to Joshua's home to take care of him
B) the court had made the ruling that the child should be removed from his father, the agency failed to do so
C) the agency should have taken actions to remove the child from his father's custody
D) the agency failed to send the child to his mother 14. Which of the following was the reason given by Chief Justice William Rehnquist for absolving Winnebago County of constitutional responsibility for Joshua's fate?
A) The agency had no responsibility of taking care of the abused child.
B) The agency didn't play a part in the child abuse.
C) The agency was so busy that it had no time to deal with Joshua's case.
D) The agency couldn't intrude upon other people's personal affairs.
15. According to Justice Harry Blackmun, Joshua's fate ________.
A) reflects the sad aspects of American life and constitutional principles
B) provokes people to comment on American life and constitutional principles
C) makes people disappointed with American life and constitutional principles
D) has a profound impact on American life and constitutional principles
16. It can be inferred from the passage that ________. A) the author definitely agrees with Chief Justice William Rehnquist's point of view
B) government child-welfare agencies expressed dissent to the ruling made by the Supreme Court
C) Joshua would get $ 50,000 damages from the Wisconsin's Winnebago County
D) U.S. children's rights advocates were dissatisfied with the ruling made by the Supreme Court
Passage 5
Is there a link between crime and population growth? And how does social change aggravate the current crime surge? James Q. Wilson, professor of management and public policy at UCLA and author of Thinking About Crime and The Moral sense, gave his views last week in an interview with TIME assistant editor Susanne Washburn. Excerpts:
Any historian knows that crime waves, in fact, are cyclical. Earlier ones occurred in the 1830s, the late 1860s and the 1920s. The question is, what causes the cycles, and what affects their timing? Crime was abnormally low in the 1940s and 1950s and began to rise around 1963
and peaked in the late 1970s. The increase in crime from 1963 to 1980 was enormous--and it occurred in a period of general prosperity. Part of the explanation is that the population got younger, because of the baby boom--and younger men are more likely to commit crime than older ones.
Then in the early 1980s, almost all forms of crime began to decline for a while. The baby boom got old, so the baby boomers were no longer in the crime-prone years. We saw this is declining public-school enrollments. Now, however, if you look at what's happening in elementary schools, enrollments are going up because the children of baby boomers are starting to move through the cycle. My guess--and the guess of many other criminologists--is that by the end of this decade we will see an increase in the general crime rate regardless of what the government does.
Obviously, we want to do everything possible to moderate its severity. And public policy ought to be directed toward that end. The public expects it. I think politicians will fact up to it. But we simply have to realize we are in an era when our ability to moderate the severity of crimes is substantially reduced from what it once was. We are much more reliant on public policy, which is a crude and not very effective instrument. And we are much less dependent on informal social controls, which, when they work, are the most powerful controls.
The most significant thing in the last half-century has been the dramatic expansion in personal freedom and personal mobility, individual rights, the reorienting of culture around individuals. We obviously value that. But like all human gains, it has been purchased at a price. Most people faced with greater freedom from family, law, village, clan, have used it for good purposes--artistic expression, economic entrepeneurship, self-expression--but a small fraction of people have used it for bad purposes. So just as we have had an artistic and economic explosion, we have had a crime explosion. I
think the two are indissolubly entwined. When that prosperity puts cars, drugs and guns into the hands of even relatively poor 18-year-olds, young people can do a great deal more damage today than they could in the 1940s or 1950s.
17. According to James Q. Wilson, which statement is true?
A) There's no definite connection between crimes and population.
B) Baby boom may lead to an increase in crime.
C) The increase in crime from 1963 to 1980 was completely due to economic prosperity.
D) Better public policy will definitely result in a decline in crime.
18. When was crime extremely high?
A) In the early 1960s. B) In the late 1960s. C) In the early 1970s. D) In the late 1970s. 19. Wilson believes that by the end of this decade we will see an increase in the general crime because ________. A) an economic prosperity is around the corner B) enrollments are going up in high schools C) crime waves are cyclical
D) there will be a new generation of baby boomers 20. In moderating the severity of crimes, which of the following is the most effective?
A) Prisons. B) The police.
C) Public policy. D) Informal social controls.
Unit 11
Passage 1
In Hollywood, as in war, truth is often the first casualty. Stories told on screen demand heroes, villains and an intelligible plot line. Real life, on the other hand, tends to get messy--the lines between good and bad often
cross. Two years ago, director Oliver Stone was excoriated in the press for playing fast and loose with certain facts in JFK. Jim Sheridan's In the Name of the Father has largely escaped such criticism in the U.S., but only because Americans are unfamiliar with the story it is based on. In Britain, where people have lived with the case of the Guildford Four for 20 years, the film's reception has been considerably stormier.
The movie tells the tale of Gerry Conlon, who along with three other youths was falsely accused of killing five people in a 1974 I.R.A. bombing of two pubs in Guildford, England. The four--three men and a woman--served 14 years in prison before their convictions were overturned. Seven friends and relatives of Conlon's (the Maguire Seven), including his father, also served many years on trumped-up charges of having made the bombs.
Though Sheridan never set out to make a documentary, he has been attacked for needlessly distorting the facts of the case. The film, for instance, shows the Maguire Seven on trial with the Guildford Four, though the cases were tried separately. In some of its most affecting scenes, it shows Conlon, played by Daniel Day-Lewis, sharing a jail cell with his father, though the two were often not even in the same prison. A grand and heroic part is carved for actress Emma Thompson, playing Conlon's solicitor, Gareth Peirce, but in reality Peirce was a minor figure and another attorney, Alastair Logan, deserves most of the credit for freeing the Four. A pivotal scene in which Peirce smuggles a crucial piece of suppressed evidence from a police file was fabricated for the film; it was a police investigation that uncovered the buried evidence of Conlon's innocence.
Sheridan insists that he was seeking an \"emotional honesty\" and that the real subject of his film was a son's changing relationship with his father. But if that was his intended subject, say some close to the case, the director should have used someone else's story. \"The truth is that Gerry Conlon had very little time for his father,\" says Sean
Smyth, an uncle. \"It's a good film, well acted and everything,\" concedes Conlon's aunt, Anne Maguire. \"But I think if they'd put more of the true facts in, it would have been a much more powerful film.\"
1. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that_____. A) films often reflect real life
B) Oliver Stone, a well-known director, deserved high praise for his work in JFK
C) The film In the Name of the Father is based on the case of Guildford Four
D) Unlike Americans, British people think highly of the film In the Name of the Father
2. According to the context, \"excoriated\" (para 1, line4) means \"_____.\"
A) praised B) severely criticized C) awarded prize D) advertised
3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) Gerry Colon and three othe youths were proved innocent after 14 years' imprisonment.
B) Colon's father was also sentenced to several years' imprisonment.
C) It is true that Colon and his father were tried together at the court.
D) Colon, in fact, didn't stay in the same jail cell as his father.
4. Who played the most important role in getting Colon's conviction overturned?
A) Colon's father . B) The police. C) Gareth peire . D) Alastair Logan.
Passage 2
Every British citizen who is employed (or self-employed) is obliged to pay a weekly contribution to the national insurance and health schemes. An employer also makes a contribution for each of his employees, and
the Government too pays a certain amount. This plan was brought into being in 1948. Its aim is to prevent anyone from going without medical services, if he needs them, however poor he may be; to ensure that a person who is out of work shall receive a weekly sum of money to survive; and to provide a small pension for those who have reached the age of retirement.
Everyone can register with a doctor of his choice and if he is ill he can consult the doctor without having to pay for the doctor's services, although he has to pay a small charge for medicines. The doctor may, if necessary, send a patient to a specialist, or to a hospital; in both cases treatment will be given without any fee being payable. Those who wish may become private patients, paying for their treatment, but they must still pay their contributions to the national insurance and health schemes.
During illness the patient can draw a small amount every week, to make up for his lost wages. Everyone who needs to have his eyes seen to may go to a state-registered oculist and if his sight is weak he can get spectacles from an optician at a much reduced price. For a small payment he may go to a dentist; if he needs false teeth, he can obtain dentures (假牙) for less than they would cost from a private dentist. Various other medical appliances can be obtained in much the same way.
When a man is out of work, he may draw unemployment benefit until he finds work again; this he will probably do by going to a Job Centre (an office run by the State to help people find jobs). If he is married, the allowance he receives will he larger. Obviously the amount paid is comparatively small, for the State does not want people to stop working in order to draw a handsome sum of money for doing nothing!
When a man reaches the age of sixty-five, he may retire from work and then he has the right to draw a State pension. For women, the age of retirement is sixty.
Mothers-to-be and children receive special benefits such as free milk or certain food stuffs for which only a
minimum charge is made. The State pays to the mother a small weekly sum for each child in a family. There is also an allowance for funerals, for the State boasts that it looks after people \"from the cradle to the grave\"! There are special benefits for certain people, such as the blind and the handicapped.
Most people in Britain agree that there are still many improvements to be made in the national insurance and health schemes, but it is also true that they have become a social institution that the great majority of the population wishes to see maintained.
5. The money for the national insurance and health schemes comes from_____.
A) one source B) two sources C) three sources D) four sources 6. Every citizen in Britain _____.
A) receives pay from the government
B) registers with a doctor and becomes a private patient
C) has access to medical services almost free of charge
D) retires from work in the early sixties 7. Which of the following is true?
A) Unemployment benefit makes people stay idle at home.
B) Unemployment benefit is supposed to help people pull through a difficult time.
C) Unemployment benefit is insufficient to keep a family alive.
D) Unemployment benefit is available to married people only.
8. In the last paragraph, \"they\" refers to ______. A) most people in Britain
B) national insurance and health schemes C) people's wishes
D) improvements to be made
Passage 3
There will be plenty to talk about when 35 Roman Catholic Archbishops of the U.S. meet with Pope John Paul II at the Vatican this week. The purpose of the gathering, in fact. is to clear the air on a number of nettlesome issues, ranging from doctrinal discipline to the role of women in the church, on which the Pontiff and the U.S. prelates do not see eye to eye. By coincidence, one of their most vexing disputes was settled just days earlier, in District of Columbia Superior Court. Judge Frederick Weisberg ruled that the Catholic University of America had every righ tot follow John Paul's dictates by removing from its theology faculty Father Charles Curran, an outspoken professor who questions church policies on birth control, abortion, homosexuality, premarital sex and divorce.
Among the U.S.'s 233 catholic colleges, Curran's former employer is unique. The Catholic University was chartered (特许) in 1889 by the papacy, and its theology school grants Vatican-authorized degrees. While most U.S. Catholic universities are run by predominantly lay boards, the school's chancellor is the Archbishop of Washington, and 16 bishops, usually including all active U.S. Cardinals, sit on its 40-member board. Last year the board carried out a 1986 Vatican directive and barred Curran from teaching Catholic theology. Curran, 54, retained tenure but spurned compromise offers to teach nontheological subjects in other departments.
The judge ruled that Curran \"could not reasonably have expected that the university would defy a definitive judgment by the Holy See that he was 'unsuitable' and 'ineligible' to teach Catholic theology.\" There was a \"direct and unavoidable\" conflict, said the court, between academic freedom and the school's fealty (忠效) to the Pope. The university sided with Rome, and \"whether that is ultimately good for the university or for the church is something they have a right to decide for themselves.\" Heartily agreeing, a Vatican official said the \"essential
issue was the freedom of the church to regulate teaching of theology in its own schools.\" Curran, who is now teaching theology at the University of Southern California, will file no appeal. Says he: \"I'm a free man now, and better for it.\"
It is unclear whether the decision will have a broader effect on Catholic higher education in the U.S. Curan thinks it might, \"given the current atmosphere\" of John Paul's campaign to clamp down on errant theology teachers in seminaries and universities. But Sister Alice Gallin of the Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities, emphasizes Catholic University's unusual status and expects no spillover effect. She adds, however, that the case is \"a warning the faculties must protect academic freedom.\"
9. The purpose of the meeting between the Pope and the US Archbishops is to talk about _____. A) Curran's case
B) some troublesome issues concerning both sides C) women's role in the church
D) birth control, abortion, homosexuality and divorce 10. In what sense is the Catholic University of America unique?
A) Its board mainly consists of active US bishops. B) Its board consists of both Vatican and US bishops. C) The head of the school is an archbishop.
D) The school grants both Vatican and American degrees.
11. Curran was deprived of the right to teach theology in the Catholic University because _____. A) he was a homosexual B) he was against the Pope
C) he was an incompetent teacher
D) he questions some of the church's policies 12. How did Curran react to the court's verdict?
A) He is relieved to be free from the Catholic control. B) He will appeal to the Superior Court.
C) He will remain in the school to teacher other subjects.
D) He is grateful to be able to keep his tenure.
passage 4
Forty years ago no one was concerned about the health of the ocean, in spite of the fact that many fisheries were being overharvested, toxic wastes were being dumped in the sea, and developers were beginning to seriously disrupt coastlines. In those days, the magnitude of the problems was small, even though it was obvious that if the trends continued people would face severe economic and personal hardship in the future. People just didn't understand, nor did they care. Unfortunately many of our concerns were realized, but the situation could have been much worse had we, and others, not taken action to inform people about the ocean and the need to protect it.
During out campaign to share the wonders of the sea and alert the public about the need to protect it, we have used every medium available - personal appearances, the printed work, and television. Now there is a new medium that is even more effective than its predecessors. Thanks to the Internet and computers, people can not only receive linear stories, but they can actually participate in them, exploring and learning at their own pace and as their curiosity dictates, I am tremendously impressed with the personalization of what had been labeled by skeptics as the most impersonal medium yet developed.
For these reasons I have made a major commitment of time and resources to dive into this sea of electronic marvels. I'm swimming hard to keep up, but when I look around I find I'm not alone. We are all learning together and it is an adventure I am finding immensely rewarding. I have been encouraged by our first modest dunking in this new world: We recently completed a CD-ROM, Jean-Michel Cousteau's World: Cities Under the Sea-Coral
Reefs. A couple of months ago I was in Fiji to celebrate the 1997 International Year of the Reef and presented our Cities Under the Sea CD-ROM to a group of children. I was impressed to see how quickly they grasped our concepts and how they directed their own learning process, thanks to the flexibility of the medium. It was particularly exciting to see kids squeal with delight as they responded to questions and the computer rewarded them when they got the correct answers.
I want young people to experience the mystery and wonder of our oceans. I want them to understand how precious and vulnerable out environment is. Young people need to be taught to take responsibility for ensuring that their heritage will be protected and used wisely. Hopefully the next generation will do a better job than mine has. I believe individuals must be personally involved and I am counting on the Internet to be the medium through which people can experience, learn, and take action. I am counting on young people with their idealism and energy to create a better future - it is too important to be left to bureaucrats and politicians.
13. Forty years ago people were indifferent to the health of the ocean because ______.
A) the ocean was immune to any pollution then
B) they didn't know what would become of if the ocean was deadly disrupted
C) there was no computer then
D) there wasn't any problem with the ocean at that time.
14. The last sentence of the 2nd paragraph tells us that the writer believes that _____.
A) the computer is as smart as human beings. B) the computer is friends with human beings.
C) human beings can interact with the computer and do what they want at their will
D) human beings have not used the computer to its fullest advantage
15. The writer went to Fuji to _____. A) participate in a celebration
B) teach children there how to use the computer C) make an adventure in the sea
D) spend the holiday on the seashore
16. The writer's attitude to the prospect of the ocean is _____.
A) desperate B) unconcerned C) optimistic D) pragmatic
Passage 5
When fossil fuels such as coal, gasoline, and fuel oils are burned, they emit oxides of sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen into the air. These oxides combine with moisture in the air to form sulfuric acid, carbonic acid, and nitric acid. When it rains or snows, these acids are brought to Earth in what is called acid rain.
During the course of the 20th century, the acidity of the air and acid rain have come to be recognized as a leading threat to the stability and quality of the Earth's environment. Most of this acidity is produced in the industrialized nations of the Northern Hemisphere - the United States, Canada, Japan, and most of the countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
The effects of acid rain can be devastating to many forms of life, including human life. Its effects can be most vividly seen, however, in lakes, rivers, and streams and on vegetation. Acidity in water kills virtually all life forms. By the early 1990s tens of thousands of lakes had been destroyed by acid rain. The problem has been most severe in Norway, Sweden, and Canada.
The threat posed by acid rain is not limited by geographic boundaries, for prevailing winds carry the pollutants around the globe. For example, much research supports the conclusion that pollution from coal-powered electric generating stations in the midwestern United States is the ultimate cause of the severe acid-rain
problem in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Nor are the destructive effects of acid rain limited to the natural environment. Structures made of stone, metal, and cement have also been damaged or destroyed. Some of the world's great monuments, including the cathedrals of Europe and the Coliseum in Rome, have shown signs of deterioration caused by acid rain.
Scientists use what is called the pH factor to measure the acidity or alkalinity of liquid solutions. On a scale from 0 to 14, the number 0 represents the highest level of acid and 14 the most basic or alkaline. A solution of distilled water containing neither acids nor alkalis, or bases, is designated 7, or neutral. If the pH level of rain falls below 5.5, the rain is considered acidic. Rainfalls in the eastern United States and in Western Europe often range from 4.5 to 4.0.
Although the cost of such antipollution equipment as burners, filters, and chemical and washing devices is great, the cost in damage to the environment and human life is estimated to be much greater because the damage may be irreversible. Although preventative measures are being taken, up to 500,000 lakes in North America and more than 4 billion cubic feet (118 million cubic meters) of timber in Europe may be destroyed before the end of the 20th century.
17. In this passage, the writer focuses his discussion on _____.
A) how to measure acid rain B) how to define acid rain
C) the serious effects of acid rain
D) the measures man has taken to control acid rain 18. From the 4th paragraph, we can safely conclude that the severe acid-rain problem eastern Canada is _____. A) the result of the pollutants carried by the wind from coal-powered electric generating station in the mid-western United States
B) the result of a revenge taken by the American
government on Canada due to a coal mine dispute
C) the result of air pollution caused by Canadian industries
D) the result of the excessive mining of a coal mine in eastern Canada
19. According to the passage, the pH level of rain falls in Norway must be _____.
A) between 4.5-4.0 B) around 7 C) between 7-14 D) below 5.5
20. What's the writer's attitude to the problem of acid rain?
A) Indifferent. B) Concerned C) Satisfied. D) Optimistic
Unit 12
Passage 1
Stevie Wonder has had an incredible career spanning over 30 years and numerous musical phases. Born Steveland Morris on May 13, 1950 in saginaw Michigan, Stevie Wonder was placed in an incubator and given too much oxygen, causing permanent sight loss. Stevie has always considered his blindness to be a gift from God, allowing him to heighten his other senses (most notably his hearing.) A child prodigy at an early age, Steveland sang like a seasoned veteran. He mastered the piano at the age of seven and the harmonica and drums two years later. Berry Gordon was introduced to Steveland through a member of The Miracles and quickly signed the young man to a recording contract with Motown records at the tender age of 12. His name was then changed to Little Stevie Wonder, the \"Little\" being naturally dropped once Stevie grew out of it. His first album, Little Stevie Wonder the 12 Year Old Genius made the child a huge star, and gave Stevie a number one hit with single Fingertips.
Once Stevie turned the age of 21 in 1971, he didn't immediately resign with Motown. Now able to draw funds
from his trust fund, he invested in his own recording studio where he could finance his own recordings. Stevie also took some music theory classes at USC to improve his song writing capabilities. Stevie recorded two albums on his own (Where I'm Coming From and Music of My Mind) With these two albums, Stevie negotiated a contract with Motown that allowed him more freedom in artistic matters and a higher royalty percentage. Such a contract was nearly unheard of then, since Motown had a reputation of being merely a hit-making machine with little variety. Once the new contract was signed, Stevie released the two albums. Although the albums were not huge successes, Stevie showed signs of the genius that was about to come.
In August of 1973, Stevie Wonder was involved in a near fatal accident on the way to a concert in North Carolina when his car was crushed by timber. Stevie was comatose (昏迷的) for nearly a day and lost his sense of smell due to the crash. Otherwise, he came out of the accident without major injury, but with an all new sense of mortality. His next album, \"Fulfillingness' First Finale\" (1974) expressed this new sense of life musically.
Throughout this period, Stevie Wonder nearly swept all possible Grammys he was eligible for.
During the 1980's Stevie Wonder entered a phase of his career which was perhaps his most successful commercially.
Throughout the 90's, Stevie has continued making important music. His 1994 album Conversation Peace was Stevie back in vintage form; beautiful, catchy melodies intermixed with meaningful lyrics and funky rhythms. For Your Love won two Grammys at the 1996 Grammy Awards for Best R & B Song and R & B Male vocal. Currently Stevie remains an active force in music, releasing a double live album in late 1995 and appearing on various other compellations.
Stevie's career as a musician transcends the realm of music; he has been an active voice for numerous causes.
From fighting hunger, blindness and disease in Africa and the U.S.A. to fighting for racial equality and recognition, Stevie has already left a legacy of love and compassion along with his incredible music. Wonder was awarded the Grammy's Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 and was one of the first inductees into Cleveland's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Yet with these high honors signifying his career one feels he still has a long time to go . Stevie keeps on keepin' on.
1. How does Stevie Wonder think of his blindness? A) He thinks he is an unfortunate person. B) He thinks it is lucky to be a blind man.
C) He thinks his blindness has contributed a lot to his musical career.
D) He feels hopeless because of his blindness.
2. In this selection, the writer puts an emphasis on _____.
A) Stevie Wonder's musical achievements B) Stevie Wonder's fight against blindness C) Stevie Wonder's private life D) Stevie Wonder's misfortune
3. According to the passage, in which period did Wonder earn most money?
A) 1960s B) 1970s C) 1980s D) 1990s
4. The most important significance of Stevie Wonder's new contract signed with Motown in 1971 is that _____. A) he could earn much more money
B) he could exert his artistic ability as freely as possible
C) he had to obey the arrangement of Motown in musical matters
D) he resigned with Motown after working for it for a long time
Passage 2
\"Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night stay these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds - but if they are late, they'll hide or trash your mail and no one will be the wiser.\" That seems to be the new motto for certain employees of the U.S. postal Service. In a surprise audit disclosed last week, postal inspectors in Washington found that some local managers temporarily stashed unprocessed mail in parked trailers so that the letters and packages wouldn't be immediately noticed as delayed. Millions of pieces of undelivered mail were found, including 2.3 million bulk-business letters, some of which had been delayed nine days, and 800,000 first-class letters, which had been held for three days.
The new evidence of postal mischief follows a major scandal uncovered last spring in Chicago, which had been plagued by sloppy service and late deliveries. Confirming the public's worse suspicions, police found a foot-high pile of month-old mail under a porch, and fire fighters came upon 2,300 lbs. of old mail in a letter carrier's home.
On Friday, postal workers in the nation's capital were ordered to work overtime on the weekend to clear the backlog of mail. Just two years ago, postmaster General Marvin Runyon promised to turn the district's postal service into a \"showpiece\" of modern technology and efficiency. Yet, in a recent survey by the accounting firm Price Waterhouse, Washington ranked dead last among urban areas for on-time mail delivery. Several members of Congress-angry because some of the delayed letters in Washington could be from constituents trying to contact them-charge that the mail holdups could be illegal and plan to investigate the postal system. The House subcommittee on postal operations has summoned Runyon to testify at a hearing about the problems this week. The General Accounting Office plans an investigation of service snafus. \"Our Postal Service is a disaster,\" says Missouri Democrat William Clay, chairman of the House Post Office and Civil Service Committee.
\"And it is as disheartening nationwide as it is in Washington.\"
5. It was found by postal inspectors in Washington that _____.
A) postal service proved to be perfect and efficient
B) local managers tried their best to clear delayed mail
C) local managers sometimes cheated in their work by hiding undelivered mail
D) postmen were too tired because of their heavy workload
6. Two years ago, postmaster General Marvin Runyon promised to _____.
A) clear the backlog of mail
B) turn the postal service in the district the largest one across the country
C) use advanced technology and therefore make the district postal service as efficient as possible
D) get rid of sloppy service and late deliveries
7. According to a recent survey by the accounting firm Price Waterhouse, it can be known that ______.
A) Washington service was the worst in on-time mail delivery among all national cities
B) Washington service was the best in on-time mail delivery across the country
C) Washington had the most efficient postal workers D) Washington had the worst postal facilities
8. Some Congressmen charged that the mail hold-ups could be against the law because ______.
A) they couldn't tolerate the sloppy service and delayed delivery
B) mail hold-ups affected the contact between their potential voters and them
C) it was their responsibility to take charge of the postal service
D) they wanted to eliminate this phenomenon
Passage 3
Vancouver restaurants won't butt out if the smoking ban drags down business. The Restaurant and Foodservices Association of B.C. representing 4,000 businesses in the Lower Mainland retained a lawyer in case the restaurant industry gets burned by the bylaw that prohibits smoking in places where children are permitted while excluding pubs and nightclubs.
\"We have legal advice,\" said Earl Manning, executive director of the association. \"If we have to we might take legal action. But we hope we don't have to and reason prevails. It's not a compromise at all. It creates and unlevel playing field in the hospitality industry and discriminates against restaurants.\"
Predicting restaurant closures and job losses when enforcement goes into effect in May, 1996. Manning says smokers will simply take their business —and their friends—to pubs where you're allowed to smoke, eat and drink in the same place. And that could be as close as Richmond or the city of North Vancouver where councils voted against smoking bans in restaurants.
Dr. John Blatherwick disagrees. Vancouver's medical health officer says the ratio of restaurants to pubs is at least 35 to one and that won't change significantly because of the smoking ban.
\"You're not going to get all the smokers cramming into one bar to eat their meals,\" argued Blatherwick.
\"I'd suggest he never worked in the restaurant industry,\" charged Manning in response. \"Blatherwick is presumptuous in his projections of what will happen in the industry. He's not a restaurant owner. He doesn't understand how people like to eat, drink and smoke in the same place.\"
Manning also wants to know why Blatherwick backed off from his total smoking ban for all public places including pubs and nightclubs.
Blatherwick says city councilors and the public aren't
comfortable with it right now. But that doesn't mean he won't come back to it in a few years when the public is adjusted to no smoking in places covered by this partial ban.
No matter when the smoke clears, Vancouver councilor Nancy Chiavario —who supports the partial ban to minimize future health care costs for employees and customers — will be a tough sell for bars and restaurants. Because people go to bars and nightclubs to drink alcohol which is arguably an unhealthy thing to do in its own right. Chiavario says it's a contradiction to tell them they can't smoke.
9. The reason why pubs and nightclubs are not included in the smoking ban is probably that ______.
A) people who go to these places are non-smokers B) children are not permitted in these places
C) pubs and nightclubs owners need advantageous supports, or they will go bankrupt D) lawmakers are biased
10. From the first two paragraphs, what might happen if the smoking ban in restaurants takes effect? A) There will be a lawsuit.
B) Restaurants will obey the law without protests.
C) Pubs and nightclubs will get the upper hand of restaurants.
D) People won't go to restaurants any more.
11. Dr. John Blatherwick doesn't think that the smoking ban in restaurants will have much bad effect on restaurant because ______.
A) he knows nothing about the restaurant industry B) he doesn't like pubs and nightclubs
C) he thinks the number of restaurants is far greater than that of pubs and nightclubs
D) he thinks restaurants are more comfortable than pubs and nightclubs.
12. It can be inferred from the 7th and 8th paragraphs that ______.
A) Blatherwick once advocated total smoking ban
B) Blatherwick will back off from total smoking ban for good
C) Blatherwick only advocates partial smoking ban
D) Blatherwick is not confident about partial smoking ban
Passage 4
The rise of \"temp\" work has further magnified the decreasing rights and alienation of the worker. It is common corporate practice to phase out full-time employees and hire temporary workers to take on more workload in less time. When facing a pressing deadline, a corporation may pay $15-$20 per hour for a temp worker, but the temp worker will only see $7 or $8 of that money. The rest goes to the temp agency, which is usually a corporate chain, such as Kelly Services, that blatantly makes its profits off of other people's labor. This increases profits of the corporations because they can increase a workload, get rid of the employee when they're finished, and not worry about paying benefits or unemployment for that employee. I have had to work with temps a few times in my current position, and the workers only want one thing —a full-time job with benefits. We really wanted to hire one temp I was working with, but we could not offer her a full-time job because it would have been a breach in our contract with the temp agency that employed her. To hire a temp full-time, we would have had to pay the agency over a thousand dollars. Through this practice and policy, the temp agency locks its temporary workers into a horrible new form of servitude from which the worker cannot break free.
Furthermore, corporate powers push workers to take on bigger workloads, work longer hours, and accept less benefits by instilling a paranoia in their workforce. The capitalist bosses assume dishonesty, disloyalty, and laziness amongst workers, and they breed a sense of guilt
and fear through their assumptions. Where guilt doesn't seep in, bitterness, anger, and depression take over. The highest priorities of Big Business are to increase profits and limit liabilities. Personal relations and human needs are last on their list of priorities. So what we see is a huge mass of people who are alienated, disempowered, overworked, mentally and physically ill and who spend the vast majority of their time and energy on their basic survival. They are denied any chance to really \"live,\" because they are forced to make profits for the capitalists in power.
13. Which of the following words can be used to replace \"mangified\" (linel. paragraph 1) without changing the original meaning of the sentence?
A) expanded B) aggravated C) enlarged D) deteriorated 14. Which of the following can NOT be listed as a reason for corporations' hiring temporary workers and phasing out full-time employees?
A) Corporations intend to leave more workload to temporary workers.
B) Temp workers are generally well-trained and can achieve high efficiency.
C) Corporations can reduce their production cost by employing temp workers.
D) Corporations can benefit a great deal from keeping a small full-time work force.
15. According to the first paragraph, which statement is true?
A) Temp workers seem to be satisfied with their conditions.
B) Temp agencies have made it possible for temp workers.
C) Temp workers are fairly paid by their agencies.
D) It's difficult for temp workers to be employed as full-time workers.
16. The main purpose of the last paragraph is to ______.
A) show how much the capitalist bosses distrust temp workers
B) reveal that temp workers are living in misery C) arouse readers' hatred for the capitalists
D) severely criticize the ignorance of the temp workers
Passage 5
In April 1992 Cornelia Whitner was sentenced to eight years in prison for criminal child neglect. Her crime was that, while living in South Carolina, she had ingested crack cocaine during her pregnancy. Later, she gave birth to a healthy baby.
South Carolina is the only state where a pregnant woman can be sent to prison for potentially harming a viable fetus. In 1996 the state supreme court decided that such fetuses were protected under the state's 1985 child-endangerment statutes. The 1973 decision of the United States Supreme Court, Roev Wade, goes nowhere near that for, It accepts that, in the third trimester of pregnancy, the state has a compelling interest in preserving the life of the unborn child; it therefore allows a state to forbid abortions. But it grants an exception where the life or health of the mother is at stake, and it does not give the fetus the rights of a living person.
South Carolina's law also contradicts supreme courts in five states which have dismissed criminal charges against pregnant women whose behaviour harmed their fetuses. Most recently, in October, the Florida supreme court ruled that a pregnant unmarried teenager who shot herself in the abdomen was not guilty of murder. The court pointed out that American and English common law confers immunity on pregnant women who cause injury or death to their fetuses, although a third party may be prosecuted.
In South Carolina, the \"pregnancy police\" are said to have arrested and charged dozens of pregnant drug-abusers during the past 18 months. Some have
received prison terms; others have been put on probation. The state attorney-general, Charlie Condon, a man said to have his sights on higher office, takes most of the blame, or the credit, for the zeal of the police. \"A viable fetus\proclaims, \"is a citizen and a fellow South Carolinian.\" In response to his critics, Mr Condon has now proposed an amnesty for women who agree to seek treatment; they would then be sent to prison only as a last resort. Police in some South Carolina counties, however, are continuing to make arrests.
Annette Ruth Appell, an assistant professor in the University of South Carolina's School of Law, says the Whitner ruling also raises other issues. Should the state test all pregnant women, regardless of history, race of class, or should it confine itself to certain groups and, if so, which ones? Research has shown that black women are ten times more likely to be tested for prenatal drug use than white women; Ms Whitner herself is black. And which sorts of prenatal behaviour will the state regulate? Simply drugabuse, or smoking and drinking too?
Opponents of the South Carolina law say that it disproportionately affects poor women; the doctors of well-to-do patients are much less likely to report cases of addiction. They strongly object to criminal penalties for-drug-addicted pregnant women, favouring rehabilitation instead. But there are few drug-rehabilitation centres in the state, and even fewer that will accept poor patients.
Ms Whitner's case is expected to go to the United States Supreme Court in February. She herself, according to her lawyer, still has at least six months of prison to serve before she will be eligible for parole.
17. Opponents to the South Carolina law hold that ______.
A) it makes large numbers of poor women suffer B) it affects rich women and poor women alike
C) it does not rehabilitate drug-addicted pregnant
women
D) it is unconstitutional
18. Cornelia Whitner was sentenced to eight years in prison for ______. A) drug addiction
B) potentially harming an unborn baby C) child abuse
D) having killed a fetus
19. The 1973 decision of the US Supreme Court ______. A) regards the fetus as a living person
B) allows the state to preserve the life of an unborn baby in the third trimester of pregnancy C) makes abortion absolutely illegal
D) allows the state to prosecute women who cause injury or death to their fetuses
20. It can be inferred from this passage that South Carolina ______.
A) has the harshest laws against pregnant women whose behavior harms their fetuses
B) treats all pregnant women alike regardless of their race
C) forbids pregnant women to do anything harmful to
the fetus, including smoking and drinking.
D) has the best protection for unborn babies.
Unit 13
Passage 1
Tradition dies hard in the US Senate, where members still sit at desks on the Senate floor that come with inkwells and blotting sand, while two brass spittoons stand ready near the podium at the front of the room. The Senate has carefully preserved these relics, much as it seems determined to preserve the institution's more recent tradition of hostility toward computers and the Internet.
In November, the Senate Rules Committee voted to deny a request by Senator Michael Enzi (R-Wyoming) for permission to use his laptop computer at his seat. Citing the Senate's overarching ban on the introduction of mechanical devices onto the floor, the Rules Committee reasoned that the sound of a tapping keyboard might distract other members from their august deliberative duties.
The decision might have been a quaint sideshow, were it not for the fact that it served as a kind of overture for Senator Dan Coats (R-Indiana), who then introduced legislation to reimpose government censorship on the Internet. His bill, S 1482, represents the Senate's first real attempt to develop a successor to the failed Communications Decency Act, which was unanimously declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court last summer.
Coats, a cosponsor of the original CDA, is on a mission to craft Net censorship legislation that can pass constitutional muster. He's gotten a boost from Senator John McCain (R-Arizona), who plans to hold hearings on \"Internet decency\" in February. Coats's bill, which targets only the Web — not email or chat rooms — would outlaw the commercial distribution of material that is \"harmful to minors.\" Violators could face six months in jail and a US $ 50,000 fine.
Civil libertarians are in an uproar. Ann Beeson, a lawyer with the American Civil Liberties Union, says, \"The court would reject the Coats bill for the same reason it rejected the original CDA — because it criminalizes speech that is protected among adults.\" Coats's revived effort to censor the Internet may carry on a Senate tradition, but only at the expense of forgetting a lot of recent history.
1. What is the writer's attitude toward government censorship on the Internet?
A) Approving. B) Opposing. C) Indifferent. D) Detached.
2. On what grounds did the Senate reject Michael Enzi's request to use a laptop computer?
A) It was against the Senate's tradition. B) It violated the Senate's rules.
C) The computer's noise interfered with others' deliberation.
D) The computer was unnecessary to the performance of senators' duties.
3. On what grounds did the Supreme Court reject the Communications Decency Act?
A) It violated citizens' constitutional right to free speech.
B) It would do harm to the development of technology. C) It forgot a lot of recent history.
D) It would hinder commercial distribution of information.
4. In what way is Coats' new bill different from the CDA? A) It does not punish adults. B) It deals with the Web only.
C) It does not touch on free speech.
D) It deals with commercial distribution of information only.
Passage 2
Ecotourism is for those whose idea of fun is to sleep in a hut, carry their own rubbish and eat things that back home would be exterminated. But is it also for people who want to fly over a rainforest canopy before checking into a luxury hotel in the midst of a national park? Whatever ecotourism is, it is hot — perhaps too hot for its own good.
The tourism business is notorious for its somewhat questionable statistics. The World Tourism Organisation claims that the industry looked after 592m travellers last year who spent $ 423 billion. Even if this pie is a little smaller than advertised, ecotourism seems to be the fastest-growing part of it. By the broadest measure (trips
with some sort of nature or wilderness component), ecotourism already accounts for perhaps a third of these travellers On a stricter definition favoured by the Ecotourism Society, a Vermont-based group, it is \"responsible travel that conserves natural environments and sustains the well-being of local people\which accounts for no more than 5% of tourism.
Ecotourism is especially prominent in tourism's fastest-growing markets: southern Africa (which has attracted 18% more visits since 1990) and Latin America (which is up by 6%). It even dominates some markets. Kenya estimates that eight out of ten visitors come for the wildlife, as do most of Costa Rica's; these countries, along with Australia, are widely regarded as world leaders in ecotourism.
Ideally, ecotourism helps both people and nature. Until civil war intervened, Rwanda's Mountain Gorilla Project was one such model. Visits to the gorillas were rationed; local guides ensured good behaviour on the part of the humans, and the hefty admission charge — &170 a day — paid for salaries and habitat preservation. As this made the gorillas worth more alive than dead, poaching decreased.
5. The central idea of the first paragraph is ______. A) increasing popularity of ecotourism B) the definition of ecotourism C) the advantages of ecotourism D) rainforest and ecotourism
6. We can infer from the second paragraph that ______. A) statistics provided by the tourism industry are not reliable
B) the tourism industry often exaggerates its business C) tourism is the fastest-growing industry
D) there are great opportunities in the tourism industry 7. By a loose definition, ecotourism refers to ______. A) travel that conserves natural environments
B) travel that do good to the well-being of the local
people
C) travel that includes some excursion into nature or wilderness
D) travel to a national park or a rainforest
8. Rwanda's Mountain Gorilla project is cited in the passage as an example of ______. A) good ecotourism management B) the rapid increase in ecotourism
C) the big profits reaped from ecotourism
D) responsible behavior on the part of ecotourists
Passage 3
Tasccaic Barner is being wooed by UCLA, but she has other suitors. An additional four schools are vying for her attention, and as the May 1 decision day approaches, it seems as if her phone never stops ringing. The mail brings invitations to campus visits and parties. And then there's the cash, including a $ 20,000 scholarship, \"I feel special,\" she beams, \"like I'm among the elite.\" Is Barner a violin prodigy or an Olympic skater? No. Barner is black, and she has a 4.0 grade-point average. In California these days, that makes her a valuable commodity.
This spring has been a trying one for educators. The University of California campuses accepted 18 percent fewer black students and 7 percent fewer Hispanics than last year. That's nothing compared with what's happened at the most selective campuses. At Berkeley, 66 percent fewer black students were accepted, along with 52.6 percent fewer Hispanics, raising the specter of an almost entirely white and Asian campus.
The panic may be premature. After all, every black and Hispanic student with a rank in the top 12.5 percent of the high-school class — has been admitted. But with race now excluded as a factor, they're a lot less likely to walk onto the campus of their own choice. So while top school like Berkeley and UCLA are trying hard to keep their minority enrollment close to its current level, less
selective campuses at Santa Cruz and Riverside actually expect to enroll more minority students. Proponents of the new system insist that this is better than having students at schools they aren't qualified to attend. \"I've seen the doubt in their eyes,\" says Ward Connerby. \"I've seen the students trying to figure out whether they got in on their own. Now they can walk on those campuses with their heads high.\"
Some minority students agree. \"I'm proud I did it on my own,\" says Esmerelda Olivares, who's headed for Santa Cruz. But administrators worry that minority students who might have chosen state schools will now think the UC system doesn't value diversity. And they fear that students who don't get into Berkeley or UCLA are more likely to choose a private school that another UC campus. \"It could be like the 1950s and 1960s when seeing a black student on campus was a cause for celebration,\" says professor Saragoza.
9. What made Tasceaie Barner feel special? A) She had obtained a valuable commodity.
B) She had many young suitors vying for her attention. C) She was going to compete in the Olympic Games. D) Several universities are ready to give her admission. 10. What is likely to happen with the new system of college enrollment in place?
A) Racial discrimination may revive.
B) Enrollment of minority students in universities will drop.
C) Top universities will have difficulty enrolling black and Hispanic students.
D) The University of California campuses will no longer value diversity.
11. We can infer from the passage that before the new system of enrollment was installed in California, being black was ______.
A) a disadvantage B) an advantage
C) a guarantee of admission D) a cause for discrimination
12. Proponents of the new system hold that ______. A) all students should be admitted on their own merits B) black students should get preferential treatment C) public schools should admit more minority students D) top universities have to need for diversity
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