2020年山东英语高考试卷笔试题解析

天学网2020年7月山东卷笔试部分试题分析

第二部分 阅读理解 篇目 A B C D 七选五 话题 人与社会：介绍了一项诗歌比赛的奖项设置和比赛规则。 人与自我：讲述了Jennifer Mauer在兼顾家庭与学业的情况 下，通过努力学习获得了护理学士学位的故事。 人与社会：介绍了汤姆·毕塞尔的一本著作。 人与社会：介绍了一项关于周围人对个人饮食行为影响的实验。 人与自我：介绍了想要成为优秀演说家需要掌握的一些方法。 文体 应用文 记叙文 说明文 说明文 说明文 字数 193 323 302 325 240+72 A 第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）

阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

A

POETRY CHALLENGE

Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.

Prizes

3 Grand Prizes: Trip to Washington, D. C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.

6 First Prizes: The book Sky Pioneer: A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.

50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.

Rules

Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.

 Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.

 Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper.  On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date.  Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.

1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip? A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six. 2. What will each of the honorable mention winners get? A. A plane ticket. B. A book by Corinne Szabo. C. A special T-shirt. D. A photo of Amelia Earhart. 3. Which of the following will result in disqualification? A. Typing your poem out. B. Writing a poem of 120 words. C. Using both sides of the paper. D. Mailing your entry on October 30. 【答案解析】

1. A 细节理解题，根据Prizes部分中的“Trip to Washington…of the winner’s choice”可知，A项正确。 2. C 细节理解题，根据Prizes部分中的“honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt”可知，C项正确。

3. B 细节理解题，根据Rules部分中的“Write a poem using 100 words or fewer”可知，B项正确。 【语言知识】

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生词：

1. round-trip adj. 往返的 2. entry n. 参赛作品 语块：

in memory of 纪念…… 【命题特点总结】

1-3题都是非常直白的信息检索题，作为A篇阅读，这种难度的题目增强了命题的友好性，保证了四篇阅读理解在难度上的层次性。从思维层次上看，注重基础，照顾了学生刚入手做题的做题体验，适于各种程度的学生入手。尽管三个题难度都不大，但第二题和第三题的干扰项充分运用了“张冠李戴”的命题技巧，即三个干扰项均可以在原文中找到信息点，但由于不符合题目要求而错误。这种题目需要考生耐心地寻找相关信息点，逐一理解并排除或锁定答案。

B

Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor’s degree.

Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition（学费）, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.

Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.

Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲）to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. “Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,” she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family — and that’s pretty powerful.

4. What did Jennifer do after high school? A. She helped her dad with his work. B. She ran the family farm on her own. C. She supported herself through college.

D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.

5. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in Marshfield? A. To take care of her kids easily. B. To learn from the best nurses. C. To save money for her parents. D. To find a well-paid job there. 6. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?

A. Her health. B. Her time with family. C. Her reputation. D. Her chance of promotion. 7. What can we learn from Jennifer’s story?

A. Time is money. B. Love breaks down barriers. C. Hard work pays off. D. Education is the key to success. 【答案解析】

4. C 细节理解题，根据原文第二段中的“After high school…pay her tuition”可知，高中毕业后，Jennifer上

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了当地的一所技术院校，并自己工作赚钱来支付学费。故选C。 5. A 细节理解题，根据原文第三段中的“She chose the UW-Eau Claire program…to help with her kids.”可知，Jennifer选择该项目是因为离家比较近，便于她在课程结束之后回家照顾孩子。故选A。

6. B 细节理解题，根据原文最后一段中的“Jennifer sacrificed to…events to study.”可知，为了实现目标，Jennifer牺牲了和家人相处的时间。故选B。 7. C 推理判断题，文章主要讲述了Jennifer Mauer在兼顾家庭与学业的情况下，通过努力学习获得了护理学士学位的故事。因此，我们可以从她的故事中学到努力总会有回报的道理。故选C。 【语言知识】 生词：

willpower n. 意志力 语块：

academic standing 学术地位

graduate with honors 以优异成绩毕业 【命题特点总结】

本篇文章主要介绍Jennifer Mauer勤工俭学的励志故事。一般这种题材的阅读所介绍的人物都不会太知名，这样就可以避免部分学生利用自己的知识面解决问题而不用看文章。为了帮生锁定题目所涉及的文章细节，4,5,6三个题都在题干中做了提示，如第4题中的after high school，第5题中的学校名名称和第6题中的sacrifice。对学生来说，这种细节理解题是重要的得分来源。但值得注意的是，这三个细节理解题都有一定的理解含量。主要体现在命题人对原文信息的加工和处理比较巧妙。例如，第4题对应的原文信息是After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition（学费）, 但答案选项把这个信息处理成了She supported herself through college。成功避免了某些关键词的简单对应，从而提高了考生的理解含量。从干扰项的干扰性来看，第6题除了答案之外的三个选项基本上都是凭空捏造，与文章内容无关。第7题可以归类为推理判断题，也可以归类为文章主旨题。一般这种题目的难度较高，但这个题并不难。命题人巧妙地使用四个简明扼要的习惯表达来组成题目，是本篇阅读理解的亮点所在。

C

In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.

His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.

This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral（葬礼）followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.

Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.

8. What made Mr Bissell return to Uzbekistan?

A. His friends’ invitation. B. His interest in the country.

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C. His love for teaching. D. His desire to regain health. 9. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Developing a serious mental disease. B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia. C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.

10. Which of the following best describes Mr Bissell’s road trip in Uzbekistan? A. Romantic. B. Eventful. C. Pleasant. D. Dangerous. 11. What is the purpose of this text?

A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon. C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination. 【答案解析】 8. B 细节理解题，根据原文第一段中的“still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan”可知，答案为B。 9. D 词义指代题，根据原文第一段中的“he returned to…of the Aral Sea”，并结合下文有关其在乌兹别克斯坦的诸多经历可知，“that”指代“write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea”。

10. B 推理判断题，根据原文第三段中对汤姆·毕塞尔的各种见闻经历的描写可推知，其旅行是曲折丰富且充满故事的，所以B项正确。

11. A 主旨大意题，浏览全文可知，文章主要介绍了汤姆·毕塞尔的一本著作，故A项正确。 【语言知识】 语块：

get a taste of 亲身感受到…… 长难句：

Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes.

译文：汤姆·毕塞尔将这些涉及历史及风土文化的见闻巧妙地整合在了一起，打造了一幅西方人眼中的乌兹别克斯坦全景图。

分析：句子主干为“Mr Bissell organizes historical insights and cultural references.”。“making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan”为现在分词短语作状语，“seen from Western eyes”为后置定语修饰“picture”。 【命题特点总结】

本篇文章主要介绍Tom Bissell的一本著作。在B篇介绍一个人物之后，再出现这样的一个以介绍人物及其成就为主要内容的C篇，还是多少令人感到意外的。本篇的前两个题都是基础题，亮点在第10题，考生需要用一个形容词总结一个段落。这个命题点貌似普通，但其实很有新意。考生见过的大多数这类题都是选一个形容人的品格、性格、观点态度等。像这样用eventful来形容作者的经历，实属少见。第11题是全卷中的唯一一个主旨大意题。结合本篇，难度并不大。

D

According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly（表面上）participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.

Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was

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thin.

For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.

The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we’re making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she’s having” effect. However, we’ll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can’t I?

12. What is the recent study mainly about?

A. Food safety. B. Movie viewership. C. Consumer demand. D. Eating behavior. 13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?

A. Big eaters. B. Overweight persons. C. Picky eaters. D. Tall thin persons. 14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?

A. To see how she would affect the participants. B. To test if the participants could recognize her. C. To find out what she would do in the two tests. D. To study why she could keep her weight down.

15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?

A. How hungry we are. B. How slim we want to be. C. How we perceive others. D. How we feel about the food. 【答案解析】

12. D 细节理解题，根据原文第一段第一句可知，该研究的结论为：我们的饮食会受到“饭友”的体型和饮食习惯的影响。故答案选D。

13. D 词义猜测题，根据原文第一段第二句中的关键词“contrary to”及“heavier people”，结合下文研究结果可推测，画线词指那些“高而瘦的人”。

14. A 推理判断题，根据原文第二段对于实验的描述可知，该实验是为了验证人们的饮食习惯受他人影响的程度，雇用这位“演员”就是为了给其他参与者施与影响，以此来观察这些人的反应。

15. C 推理判断题，根据原文最后一段最后三句可知，人们会根据“饭友”的胖瘦来改变自己的食量，因为看到了饮食对他们身材的影响。所以我们对他人的观察决定了我们如何调整自己的饮食量，故答案选C。 【语言知识】 语块：

1. consumption habits 饮食习惯 2. follow suit 跟着做 3. hold back 抑制 【命题特点总结】

本篇大题可以归类为“科普类”阅读理解。从文章体裁和题材上看，本篇属于比较常见的类型。从具体命题来看，本篇还是有些特色的。例如第12题，既可以归类为细节理解题，因为文章第一段确实有了明确的交代，也可以看做是主旨大意题，因为它确实考查了文章的核心大意。第13题是本卷唯一一个词义猜测题。一般来说，词义猜测题需要考生利用上下文来解决。但本题除了可以利用上下文解题，还可以利用一点构词法的知识，bean豆子；pole杆子，合成词的意思大概应该是“豆杆”，又细又高，很形象。但愿考生能看到这一点。从整体看，即便是考生在阅读本语篇时稍感晦涩和吃力，但他们在做题的时候就不会有太大的问题了。四个题目的难度都不高。

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第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）

阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking. 16 Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.

People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. Too often, when you stand up to give a speech, you focus on the “public” at the expense of the “speaking.” 17 Focus on the speaking. Talk directly to your audience, be yourself and make a connection.

Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes. Yet, the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking. People’s attention wanders constantly. In fact, most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker’s message. So, don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one. 18

Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker. 19 And like everything else in life, that takes practice. Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.

20 It’s rare to hear someone say, “I wish that speaker had spoken longer.” On the other hand, you probably can’t count the times that you’ve thought, “I’m glad that talk is over. It seemed to go on forever!” So surprise your audience. Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated. It’s better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.

A. Do the opposite.

B. You want to be an effective public speaker. C. You don’t need to apologize for a minor slip.

D. When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more. E. The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.

F. Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners.

G. However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be. 【答案解析】

16. G 设空处位于段中，设空处上文提到有些人生来就具有演讲天赋，下文以设问引出文章主旨，因此设空处内容可能与如何成为好的演说家或他们应该具备的品质有关，结合选项，G项符合题意，且G项中的“However, the majority of people”与上文中的“Some individuals”相呼应并构成转折和对比关系。故选G项。

17. A 设空处位于段中，设空处上文提到很多时候你会把注意力放在“观众”身上，而忽略了“演讲”本身，设空处下文提到关注演讲，与设空处上文观点相反，A项与此吻合，承上启下，符合语境。故选A项。 18. C 设空处位于段尾，设空处所在段落主要介绍演讲中犯错很常见，不必因为小错误就中断演讲，由此可知，设空处内容也应与不用太在意演讲中的错误有关，结合选项，C项符合题意。故选C项。

19. B 设空处位于段中，设空处上文提到你的目标不是成为一个完美的演说家，根据下文中的“that takes practice”可知，此处“that”代指设空处内容，且需要不断练习，B项中的“an effective public speaker”与上文中的“a perfect public speaker”相呼应，符合语境。故选B项。

20. D 设空处位于段首，根据文章结构可知，该处为本段的主题句，该段主要介绍了演讲不应太过冗长，这样才能够给观众带来更好的演讲效果，D项与此一致。故选D项。 【语言知识】 语块：

at the expense of 以……为代价 【命题特点总结】

从外在形式上看，本题中规中矩。命题点分布在文章中的位置分别为：一个段首，一个段尾，三个段中。为了降低难度，16-19题都在上下文预设了明显的提示性词语。第20题作为考查段落主题句的题目，要点也很明确。最终影响本语篇得分的还是考生对关键信息的理解和把握。例如第17题，考生能否看出前一句中focus on the “public”和后一句中focus on the speaking的对比关系就是答题的关键。第20题，考生

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能否正确理解less is usually more（越不繁，越不凡；或越简约越不简单。）就是答题的关键。

第二部分 语言运用（共两节，满分30分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second 21 . He learned the value and beauty of 22 there from a very young age.

When he was 16, Molai began to notice something 23 happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the 24 it caused had driven away a number of birds. 25 , the number of snakes had declined as well. He 26 that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the 27 . The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek 28 during the daytime. He turned to the 29 department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and 30 a nearby island where he began to plant trees.

31 young plants in the dry season was 32 for a lone boy. Molai built at the 33 of each sapling（幼树）a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to 34 rainwater. The water would then drip（滴落）on the plants below.

Molai 35 to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.

21. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice 22. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge 23. A. precious B. interesting C. disturbing D. awkward 24. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage 25. A. Besides B. However C. Therefore D. Otherwise 26. A. agreed B. realized C. remembered D. predicted 27. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust 28. A. directions B. partners C. help D. shelter 29. A. labor B. police C. forest D. finance 30. A. rebuilt B. discovered C. left D. managed 31. A. Decorating B. Observing C. Watering D. Guarding 32. A. tough B. illegal C. fantastic D. beneficial 33. A. back B. top C. foot D. side 34. A. cool down B. keep off C. purify D. collect 35. A. returned B. learned C. failed D. continued 【答案解析】

本文是一篇记叙文，文章主要讲述了Molai为改善居住地的环境，克服各种困难，坚持植树造林的故事。 21. C 根据上文中的“Molai grew up in a tiny village in India.”及下文中的“He learned the value…young age.”可知，Molai在这里长大，从小在这里他学到了很多东西，由此推知，这里指这些沼泽地成为了他的第二个“家”，故选C项。

22. A 根据上文和下文中他对这个村庄的了解可知，这里指他从小在这里领略了“大自然”的价值和美，故选A项。

23. C 根据下文中的“A flood had…as well.”可知，这里指村子里发生了一些“令人担忧的”事情，故选C项。 24. D 根据下文中的“it caused had driven away a number of birds”可知，这里指洪水造成的“破坏”赶走了许多鸟，故选D项。

25. A 上文描述了洪水对鸟类的影响，下文描述了洪水对蛇造成的影响，内容上为并列，故选A项。 26. B 根据下文中的“it was because…protect them”并结合选项可知，这里指Molai“意识到了”这些动物数量变化的原因。

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27. B 根据下文中的“The solution…during the daytime.”可知，白天日照充足，温度高，因此此处指没有足够的树木保护动物免受“高温”的影响，故选B项。

28. D 根据上文中的“to plant trees”及“enough trees to protect them from the heat”可知，此处指种植树木后，动物们就可以在白天寻觅“躲避处”了，故选D项。

29. C 根据上文中的“to plant trees”及下文中的“but was told that nothing would grow there”，结合选项及常识可知，这里指他向“林业”部门求助，故选C项。

30. B 根据上文中的“Molai went on looking on his own”及下文中的“a nearby island where he began to plant trees”可知，这里指他“发现了”附近的一个岛，故选B项。

31. C 根据下文中的“in the dry season”、“rainwater”及“water”可知，这里指在旱季给小树“浇水”，故选C项。 32. A 根据设空处所在句，结合常识可知，这里指一个男孩子在旱季独自给小树浇水是很“艰难的”，故选A项。

33. B 根据下文中的“The water would then drip on the plants below”可知，这里指Molai在每棵小树的“上面”建了一个竹台，故选B项。

34. D 根据下文中的“The water would then drip on the plants below”可知，这里指Molai把带有洞的陶罐放到竹台上来“收集”雨水，故选D项。

35. D 根据下文中的“to plant trees for the next 37 years”可知，这里指接下来的37年，Molai“继续”种植树木，故选D项。 【命题特点总结】

本篇完形共231个单词。在现有的试卷结构下，完形填空的难度势必下调，分值下降，本篇基本契合大家对它的期待。令人感到惊喜的是，本篇的话题（环保、植树）竟然与2019年12月山东省高考模拟考试的英语试卷中的完形填空（保卫森林）高度相似。不知是命题人有意为之还是纯属巧合。从命题点的词性看，15个小题中包括名词7个，动词或动词短语5个，形容词2个和副词1个。 其中大部分题目都可以利用较小的语境和词汇的辨析来解决。23题考查的是上下文意群之间的逻辑关系，算是一个比较大的上下文。33题可结合常识，具体说就是把水漏安放在树木的哪个位置的问题。从词义辨析的角度，大多数题目的四个选项之间不需要特别细腻的辨析，大多数都可以利用它们之间的基本区别来锁定答案。从词汇难度来看，初中所学词汇占据大半，即便是高中阶段所学的词汇，也基本在必修范围之内。所以，我们可以很安全的说，今年这篇完形填空的词汇难度不高。

第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th centuries, 36 (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big 37 until they died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, 38 (form) the core collection of the British Museum 39 opened in 1759.

The parts of a museum open to the public 40 (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection 41 (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.

Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors, As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations（模拟）and imagine 42 (they) living at a different time in history or 43 (walk) through a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the city’s Viking settlement is recreated, and people experience the sights, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical 44 (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must compete 45 people’s spare time and money with other amusements. Most museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children. 【答案解析】

本文是一篇说明文，文章主要对博物院的产生、设置目的等作了简要的介绍。 36. wealthy 考查词性转换。空格处修饰“people”，故填形容词“wealthy”。

37. or 考查连词。空格处所在句两个“until”引导的是并列从句且表示二选一的关系，故填“or”。

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38. formed 考查句子结构。空格处所在句缺谓语动词，且此句描述的是过去的事件，故填“formed”。 39. which/that 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰“British Museum”，且在从句中作主语，故填“which”或“that”。 40. are called 考查时态和语态及主谓一致。博物馆是“被称为”，该句描述一般事实且主语为名词复数“The parts”，故填“are called”。

41. is 考查主谓一致及时态，设空处为句子的谓语，主语“a small part”为单数，且该句描述一般事实，故填“is”。

42. themselves 考查代词。根据空格处所在句句意可知，当游客观看展品时，他们会想象“他们自己”身处某一历史时期，故用反身代词。

43. walking 考查非谓语动词。本句已有谓语动词，空格处为非谓语动词，且与“themselves”为主动关系，故填“walking”。

44. accuracy 考查词性转换。空格处在句中作主语，且前有形容词修饰，故用名词。 45. for 考查动词搭配。“compete for”意为“为……而竞争”。 【命题特点总结】

从语篇的题材和体裁看，本篇文章属于说明文。从话题上看基本上比较平淡，属于无法给人留下深刻印象的那种。对于语法填空题，我们的职业习惯就是罗列这10个题的考查项目。从考查项目上看，形容词、连词、定语从句、代词、非谓语动词、名词、介词分别设计了一个小题，时态和语态比较突出，设计了三个小题（38, 40, 41小题），其中第41小题还可以看作有考查主谓一致的成分。在比较常见的考点中，没有考查名词的单复数，没有考查涉及动词的词性转换。在常规就考查较少的项目中，例如名词性从句的引导词、非谓语动词作补语等依然没有设计。

2020年新全国I卷给我们的启示

每年高考结束后，我们都能读到各种各样对高考试题的解读。本套题为新高考改革试验区之一的山东省用题，充分体现了新高考改革的精神，体现了新课程标准的精神，体现了“一体四翼”的新课程设计构想，把握住了“立德树人”的教育核心，充分考查了考生的英语核心素养。除此之外，此套题有以下特点：

1、语篇难度体现了适当的层次感。

由于试卷结构变化，考生需要写两篇作文，这无疑将占据大量的考试时间。因此，从命题角度讲，写作之前的各个题型就应该适当降低题量，适当降低难度。完形填空压缩为15个小题就是出于此考虑。从阅读理解的难度上看，基本完成了这一任务。本套题的阅读理解部分（含七选五）整体难度要低于往年的全国I卷和2020年的全国I卷的阅读理解部分。在适当降低难度的同时，本套试题还兼顾了各个语篇及其题目之间的难度梯度。低、中、高难度的题目巧妙搭配，既有相互渗透，又保证了题目难度逐渐提升。这就在保证考生正常完成答卷的同时，又保证了试卷有适当的难度和区分度。 2、题材和体裁的多样性。

语篇题材和体裁的多样性是评价一套英语试题的重要指标。本套题在这一方面解决的算得上差强人意。之所以这样说，笔者不太认可B篇和C篇连续两篇文章介绍人物的选材方式。尽管如此，从整体上看，整套试题还是给考生提供了丰富多变的语言材料，有助于提升考生的考试体验，有助于引领中学英语教学向着题材和体裁多样化发展，有利于拓宽中学生的视野，有利于提高学生的英语核心素养。 3、保持了命题思路的稳定性。

高考发展到今天，各个学科都逐渐形成了一些比较成熟的命题方式。出于稳定发展的考虑，本套试题在命题方式上保持了今年高考英语试题的传统风格。在阅读理解、完形填空、短文填空等题型中都没有出现偏、难、怪的题目。例如阅读理解中细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词义猜测题型的分配就基本与近几年的高考英语试题保持一致。完形填空题对于各种实词考查的比例也是这样。这种对传统的保持，十分有利于中学开展教学，有利于考生发挥自己的能力。 4、用英语解释英语的paraphrase练习依然是高中英语教学的重点。

本套题的阅读理解部分在设计答案选项和相配套的干扰项的时候，命题人充分发挥了用英语注释原文的技巧，出现了若干处令人击节叫好的表达方式。最大限度地避免了词汇的简单对应现象，最大限度

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避免了考生利用所谓的答题技巧得分的可能。其实，这正是近几年英语命题的重要导向。这就会引导广大中学教师在日常教学中加大这方面的练习。引导学生用英语解释英语的练习必将成为中学英语课堂的基本任务。

5、在两个作文的试卷结构下，阅读和完形必须降低难度。

在应用文加读后续写的试卷结构下，平均算下来，每个学生花在写作上的时间不会低于50分钟。也就是说其他题目的做题时间应该控制在50分钟以内。这就要求命题人主动降低其他题目的难度。否则将出现大面积的学生无法按时完成答卷的情况。近几年的浙江卷就有明显的这个特征。今年的山东卷也不可避免地顺应了这个趋势。阅读理解在语篇长度、难度、话题的熟悉度、生词量、问题的难度等方面都控制的很好。完形填空的难度降低主要体现在语篇长度、难度和选项词汇量的匹配上。可以说命题人充分体现了自己的命题意图，实现了命题目标。 6、中国元素的消失。

这是一个令人感到意外的现象。根据近几年高考试题的特点，过去一年全国各地的模拟试题都在试卷中努力渗透中国元素，讲好中国故事，弘扬传统中国文化，诸如太极、剪纸、京剧、汉语、唐诗宋词等体现中国文化的符号在各地各名校的模拟试题中屡见不鲜。但这套题让大家失望了。各个语篇和应用文写作都没有刻意渗透中国元素。这难道是个新的导向？笔者不这样认为。讲好中国故事应该还是未来若干年中英语试题的重要特点。我们没有必要为一套高考真题的选材而大惊失色。只要我们认定这个方向是对的，就应该坚持下去。 7、生僻词汇的问题

每每去参加高三教研会，总能听到大家努力总结了多少个重要的生僻词，多少个常用的熟词生义。 仿佛如果没有给学生讲解这些高难度的词汇问题，他们就会在高考中遭受重大的损失。但从本套题看，命题人很好地控制了词汇量，控制了生僻词的出现。甚至没有出现考查所谓熟词生义的题目。这多少有些令人感到惊喜。笔者认为，学生的基础词汇量，基本阅读理解能力，基本写作能力和基本思维品质才是我们培养的重点，才是我们努力的方向。纠结于一些所谓的“熟词生义”有本末倒置之嫌。如zoom表示快跑（2019年浙江卷冬季高考）这样的生僻词的生僻用法，做到随遇而安就好。这种现象不应该成为我们工作的核心。

8、语言知识的考查已逐渐成为“鸡肋”。

其实，多年以来，语言知识的教学占据着中学英语教学的绝对重点地位。大家还希冀通过讲解大 量的语言知识来提高学生的听、说、读、看、写等语言能力。如果不允许一个老师讲解一些语法规则，他会感到自己没有完成教学任务，心里会没底。 但是，近几年的高考试题正在努力提示我们，语言知识已经逐渐成为高考英语考试中的“鸡肋”，食之无味，弃之可惜。以定语从句为例，我们讲解、练习了那么多，真题只考查了其中最最基础的考点。这种导向性不能再清晰了。未来的英语考试主要考查综合能力，而不是具体的语言知识。需要特别说明的是，如何在高考中测试语言能力中的“看”一直是我们关注的问题。本套题中A篇阅读理解中让学生看时刻表就是一个典型的例子。题目难度不大，但有就比没有好。

9、高考命题有没有“套路”可循？

每次参与命题，总会听到有人热衷于探讨高考命题的所谓“套路”、“潜规则”。 依本人看，高考命 题大致有些习惯会多年保持稳定。即便变化也会比较缓慢，如阅读理解几种题型的比例分配，短文填空的重点语法项目等，总有一些东西不太变。但是，如果我们平时钻进了这些套路，把自己变成“套子中的人”，则大没有必要。高考题目的设计也会受到语料选择的，每年都会有些新的东西出现。2019年全国I卷的短文填空就没有考查定语从句的引导词。2020年新全国I卷就没有考查名词的复数等等，不一而足。这就提醒我们，高考命题有法而无定法。我们平时训练和教学也没有必要固步自封，围绕核心素养的培养大胆革新才是正途。

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